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Currently, there is not any in vivo study on breath gas analysis during a complete infection cycle of Influenza A. To address this issue systematically a complete organism has to be investigated in animal model. Furthermore, recognizing infections at boarder control may minimize the risk of mixing and rearranging subtypes from different countries.Ĭhanges in VOC profiles may result from pathogens itselves, from interactions between host and pathogen or from host immune responses. A fast and non-invasive diagnosis of infections like Influenza A could be used in human medicine or in animal health control for monitoring in swine or chicken farms.
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Analysis of breath VOC patterns could, therefore, provide additional and early information on the infection process. Since the disease takes place in the respiratory tract, VOC profiles exhaled from the lung can be expected to change significantly during Influenza infection. Exhaled breath profiles changed after intranasal Influenza A vaccination 13 in humans. Previous work has shown changes in VOC profiles of cells, which were infected with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) 10 and Influenza 6. These facts still hamper diagnosis, development of vaccine development, and therapy of Influenza A infections 4.ĭuring recent years numerous studies have been undertaken using breath gas analysis for non-invasive detection of various diseases 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12.
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Since natural reservoirs for Influenza A are humans, water birds, and swine, such re-assortments can also occur between zoonotic and human subtypes 2, 4, 5. In this way, new virus subtypes can arise with novel genetic and biological features. During simultaneous infection of one cell by two of these subtypes a gene shift between the two different virus genomes can occur. Depending on the combination of these proteins, Influenza A is divided in many subtypes, e.g. Influenza A species are classified referred to the envelope glycoproteins hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. Influenza is caused by an RNA virus from the Orthomyxoviridae family which is differentiated into three types: A, B, and C. Almost 1000 people died due to Influenza during winter 2017/18 in Germany (, ). In the US, 74.5% of hospitalizations were due to Influenza A and more than 47,000 human samples were tested positive during winter 2015/2016 1. Influenza is one of the most common causes of virus diseases worldwide. In a perspective, breath analysis may offer a novel tool for Influenza monitoring in human medicine, animal health control or border protection. As VOC analysis is completely non-invasive it has potential for large scale screening purposes. VOC based information on virus infection could enable early detection of Influenza A. As early as on day four after inoculation, when animals were tested positive for Influenza A, differentiation between control and infected animals was possible. Six VOCs could be related to disease progression: acetaldehyde, propanal, n-propyl acetate, methyl methacrylate, styrene and 1,1-dipropoxypropane. Breath VOCs were pre-concentrated by means of needle trap micro-extraction and analysed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry before infection, during virus presence in the nasal cavity, and after recovery. Breath VOC profiles of 14 (3 controls and 11 infected animals) swine were repeatedly analyzed during a complete infection cycle of Influenza A under high safety conditions.
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Analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in breath holds promise for non-invasive and fast monitoring of disease progression. Efficient screening is not possible in this way. Virus detection requires determination of Influenza RNA in the upper respiratory tract.